Effluent Treatment Plant In Textile Industry Pdf __HOT__ Free
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Abstract:The textile industry has an important role in the economic development of several countries; however, it consumes large amounts of water and generates huge quantities of wastewater. These effluents are of great environmental concern due to their complex chemical content, known by their toxicity and low biodegradability, which can cause harmful effects to the aquatic environment. In the present study, bioassays with aquatic species were employed to evaluate the toxicity of effluent samples collected before and after the treatments performed by the textile company. The toxic effects were investigated using four organisms, namely Aliivibrio fischeri, Raphidocelis subcapitata, Daphnia magna and Lemna minor, to represent different trophic levels. The ecotoxicological data confirmed that the raw textile effluent was very toxic, with A. fischeri being the most sensitive organism. While the toxicity of the effluent collected after the treatment performed by the textile company was clearly reduced, we still recorded sublethal toxicity to D. magna. These results highlight the importance of the bioassays for continuous monitoring of the toxicity of the treated effluents to prevent adverse effects on the environment. Further, results suggest that ecotoxicological data should be required in parallel with chemical data to better evaluate the safety of environmental discharges of wastewaters.Keywords: textile industry; effluent treatment; toxicity; bioassays
In this paper, we posit that negative externalities at each step of the fast fashion supply chain have created a global environmental justice dilemma. While fast fashion offers consumers an opportunity to buy more clothes for less, those who work in or live near textile manufacturing facilities bear a disproportionate burden of environmental health hazards. Furthermore, increased consumption patterns have also created millions of tons of textile waste in landfills and unregulated settings. This is particularly applicable to low and middle-income countries (LMICs) as much of this waste ends up in second-hand clothing markets. These LMICs often lack the supports and resources necessary to develop and enforce environmental and occupational safeguards to protect human health. We discuss the role of industry, policymakers, consumers, and scientists in promoting sustainable production and ethical consumption in an equitable manner.
Globally, 80 billion pieces of new clothing are purchased each year, translating to $1.2 trillion annually for the global fashion industry. The majority of these products are assembled in China and Bangladesh while the United States consumes more clothing and textiles than any other nation in the world [1]. Approximately 85 % of the clothing Americans consume, nearly 3.8 billion pounds annually, is sent to landfills as solid waste, amounting to nearly 80 pounds per American per year [2, 3].
Water recovery by effluent treatment is a sustainable process, providing great environmental benefits, and significant monetary savings. Owing to this fact, water is fast becoming a resource to be reclaimed. By reclaiming water, aquifer overexploitation is reduced, more people will have access to potable water, and the financial burden of disposing of or treating polluted effluents will be minimized. This fact makes water recovery an attractive option for the industry and the environment.
In addition to membrane technologies, other conventional processes may be applied, including sedimentation, coagulation, precipitation, filtration, biological and chemical oxidation, adsorption, and ion exchange. They are strategically integrated and organized as previous processes or pretreatments to increase membrane productivity and provide better results of depuration and water recovery, mitigating membrane fouling. Moreover, there are other sequential membrane procedures, such as NF/RO and MF/RO, which are integrated for a similar purpose. According to effluent characteristics, synchronized membrane operations, such as membrane distillation (MD) and membrane bioreactors (MBR), may be integrated in these processes.
At present, several combinations of membrane technologies are possible, as well as the integration of hybrid systems of depuration. However, their application requires numerous studies because it depends on several factors, such as effluent characteristics, the required quality of the reclaimed water, membrane efficiency, and the cost of the treatment process to achieve the necessities of effluent treatment and water recovery.
Ćurić and Dolar [13] tested sand filtration (SF), coagulation, and coagulation/flocculation (C, C/F) as individual pretreatments before UF for the depuration of effluents from washing dyeing machines. In this case, SF proved to be more efficient, producing water for reuse.
The results found in previous investigations show the versatility of integrated membrane processes for the treatment of different type of effluents, including several combinations of operations prior to RO to reduce fouling and increase membrane efficiency. However, to meet the objective of treating and recovering water, the design and study of the integrated membrane process are necessary to determine the adequate operations and process conditions that improve the membrane use and data for process scaling.
The AC and IEXR were packed into their respective columns. Prior to effluent treatment, the packaging materials were washed with distilled water to remove impurities; subsequently, resins were humected with deionized water for 48 h.
The treatment process was carried out in continuous flow at the pH of the effluent. According to the bed volume of the columns (240 mL), a feed volume of 200 mL of the industrial effluent was indicated as one experimental run of the effluent treatment.
Figure 3 describes the process of effluent treatment. A container (1) was used to store the effluent. A peristaltic pump (2) and pipeline (3) were used to transport and feed the settler (4). Two streams were identified at the outlets of this separation unit, a supernatant (4F), and a product of settleable solids (4S). Stream 4F was fed into the adsorption column (5). Subsequently, the outlet effluent from the adsorption column (5F) was fed into the ion exchange columns; first into the cationic resin (6) and then into the anionic resin (7). The outlet streams of these columns are represented as 6F and 7F. In turn, stream 7F was fed into the osmosis unit (8), where two manometers were placed at the entrance and exit points to measure inlet pressure P1 (9) and outlet pressure P2 (10). A valve (11) was used to control pressure; pipelines (12) and (13) were used to transport the rejected salt (8R) and permeate (water recovery) (8P) from the osmosis membrane to their storage containers, (14) and (15) respectively.
All separation units achieved a high efficiency, allowing fresh water production following treatment. The treated effluent showed a particularly drastic reduction in the SS parameter following sedimentation. This indicates the total removal of settleable solids (a concentration of settleable solids was not detected in the Imhoff cone).
Due to the origin of effluent water, metals, pesticides, and other substances were not included in these results because they were not detected before or after treatment. Furthermore, microbiological parameters were not measured in this study because they were not required by the industry; however, RO could theoretically achieve 85% microbial removal. Consequently, the chemical quality standards for industry and potable water indicated that water reclaimed by way of the proposed treatment process can be reused for industrial activities, including boiler and cooling water.
Other operations, such as flocculation, coagulation, and adsorption with different adsorbents also were declared as unsuitable processes prior to RO for the separation of organic content in the industrial effluent [21] because they do not work efficiently in the presence of salts. Consequently, an ineffective process for the removal of organic compounds would cause fouling in RO and a reduced efficiency of the treatment. The most well-known contaminants for causing fouling are salts and organic compounds, leading to considerable declines in flux and irreversible fouling. Moreover, prior UF and NF operations could remove salts and dyes; however, both contaminants cause fouling in UF, reducing the efficiency of membranes in the process of treatment.
Usually, food effluents are discharged in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for depuration with domestic wastewaters, using primary and secondary treatment to reduce several parameter indicators of the presence of organic compounds. However, high salinity (in excess of 3000 mg/L) hinders the biological treatment process in a WWTP [26]. In addition, salinity dominates in the treated effluent, and final disposal is regulated for its discharge. Moreover, the quality of depurated water is poor, and it cannot be reused because WWTPs are commonly designed to treat domestic effluents, and to move the treated wastewater to sewers for its discharge.
In turn, degradation and removal of coloration from wastewater are found in numerous contributions to the literature, showing promising results by using different treatment methods, such as microbial cells, adsorption, oxidation, and electrolysis. Recent reviews demonstrate this information [29,30]. However, data are frequently obtained on the treatment of synthetic wastewater with a single azo dye, (other pollutants in the water are not investigated), and a low concentration of dyes is also observed in these reports. Nevertheless, dye separation is affected in industrial effluent treatment because effluents have a complex composition and high pollutant concentrations, causing interferences.
The treatment of saline effluents has also been the focus of numerous research projects. The presence of salts in treated wastewater reduces its feasibility for reuse, including for agriculture and other activities because it causes significant damage to the environment. Here, membrane technology constitutes the most important methods for salt separation [22,31], principally RO and membrane distillation shows strong potential for salt removal and clean water permeation for recycling, including salt recovery [14,32,33,34]. 2b1af7f3a8
